ʿAbbāsid Dynasty, second of the two great dynasties of The Muslim Empire of the Caliphate, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate
in ad 750 and reigned as the ʿAbbāsid caliphate until destroyed by the Mongol
invasion in 1258.
Under
the ʿAbbāsids, the caliphate entered a new phase. For the first time the
caliphate was not coterminous with Islām; in Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and
elsewhere, local dynasties claimed caliphal status. Support by pious muslims
likewise led the ʿAbbāsids to acknowledge publicly the embryonic Islāmic Law
and to profess to base their rule on the religion of Islām. Between 750 and 833
the ʿAbbāsids raised the prestige and power of the empire, promoting commerce, industry,
arts, and science, particularly during the reigns of al-Manṣūr, Hārūn
ar-Rashīd, and al-Maʾmūn. Their temporal power, however, began to decline when
al-Muʿtaṣim introduced non-Muslim Berber, Slav, and especially Turkish
mercenary forces into his personal army.
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