The Abbasid
Caliphate was the third of the Islamic
caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Mongols feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if
the blood of Al-Musta'sim, a direct descendant of Muhammad's uncle Al-‘Abbas
ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was
spilled.
The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was Al-Mustansir. Harun
al-Rashid's son, Al-Ma'mun, is even quoted as saying:
The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us
Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one
or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.
Influential
Muslim philosophers in the Caliphates include al-Jahiz, and Ibn al-Haytham. In
technology, the Muslim World adopted papermaking from China.
Except
for the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, recognizing a Shi'ite
succession through Ali,
and the Andalusian Caliphates of the Umayyads and Almohads,
every Muslim Dynasty at least
acknowledged the nominal suzerainty of the Abbasids as Caliph and Commander of
the Faithful.
1. Northwest Africa: Idrisids
(788–974) → Almoravids (1040–1147) → Almohads
(1120–1269).
2. Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia, eastern Algeria & Western
Libya): Aghlabids
(800–909 CE) → Fatimids
of Egypt (909–973 CE) → Zirids (973–1148) → Almohads
(1148-1229) → Hafsids
(1229–1574).
3. Egypt and Palestine: Tulunids
(868–905 CE) → Ikhshidids (935-969) → Fatimid
Caliphate (909–1171) → Ayyubid
dynasty (1171–1341) → Mamluks (1250–1517).
4. Al-Jazira (modern Syria & Northern
Iraq): Hamdanids (890–1004 CE) → Marwanids
(990–1085) and Uqaylids
(990–1096) → Seljuks
(1034-1194) → Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate
(1231–1335).
5. Southwest Iran: Buyids
(934-1055) → Seljuks
(1034–1194) → Mongol Empire.
6. Khorasan (modern Iran, Afghanistan and
Turkmenistan): Samanids
(819–999 CE) → Ghaznavids (962–1168) → Seljuks
(1034–1194) → Ghurids (1011-1215) → Khwarazmians (1077–1231) → Mongol
Empire & the Ilkhanate (1231–1335).
7. Transoxiana (modern Central
Asia): Samanids
(819-999) → Karakhanids (840-1212) → Khwarazmians (1077–1231) → Mongol
Empire and the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1687).
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